Add consistent API error handling and documentation

Introduced standardized error response formats for API errors, including middleware for consistent request IDs and exception handlers. Updated the frontend to parse and process these error responses, and documented the error format in the README for reference.

backend/app/core/errors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def error_payload(code: str, message: str, details: Any, request_id: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    return {
+        "code": code,
+        "message": message,
+        "details": details,
+        "request_id": request_id,
+    }
+
+
+def http_status_to_code(status_code: int) -> str:
+    mapping = {
+        400: "bad_request",
+        401: "unauthorized",
+        403: "forbidden",
+        404: "not_found",
+        405: "method_not_allowed",
+        409: "conflict",
+        422: "validation_error",
+        429: "rate_limited",
+        500: "internal_error",
+        502: "bad_gateway",
+        503: "service_unavailable",
+        504: "gateway_timeout",
+    }
+    return mapping.get(status_code, f"http_{status_code}")
+

backend/app/main.py

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 import asyncio
 import logging
+from uuid import uuid4
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
-from fastapi import FastAPI
+from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Request
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
 from fastapi.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware
+from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
 from sqlalchemy import select
 from app.api.router import api_router
 from app.core.config import get_settings
 from app.core.db import SessionLocal
+from app.core.errors import error_payload, http_status_to_code
 from app.core.logging import configure_logging
 from app.core.security import hash_password
 from app.models.models import User
@@ -57,4 +62,67 @@ app.add_middleware(
     allow_methods=["*"],
     allow_headers=["*"],
 )
+
+
+@app.middleware("http")
+async def request_id_middleware(request: Request, call_next):
+    request_id = request.headers.get("x-request-id") or str(uuid4())
+    request.state.request_id = request_id
+    response = await call_next(request)
+    response.headers["X-Request-ID"] = request_id
+    return response
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(HTTPException)
+@app.exception_handler(StarletteHTTPException)
+async def http_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: HTTPException | StarletteHTTPException):
+    request_id = getattr(request.state, "request_id", str(uuid4()))
+    code = http_status_to_code(exc.status_code)
+    message = "Request failed"
+    details = None
+
+    if isinstance(exc.detail, str):
+        message = exc.detail
+    elif isinstance(exc.detail, dict):
+        code = str(exc.detail.get("code", code))
+        message = str(exc.detail.get("message", message))
+        details = exc.detail.get("details")
+    elif isinstance(exc.detail, list):
+        message = "Request validation failed"
+        details = exc.detail
+
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=exc.status_code,
+        content=error_payload(code=code, message=message, details=details, request_id=request_id),
+    )
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)
+async def request_validation_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: RequestValidationError):
+    request_id = getattr(request.state, "request_id", str(uuid4()))
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=422,
+        content=error_payload(
+            code="validation_error",
+            message="Request validation failed",
+            details=exc.errors(),
+            request_id=request_id,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+@app.exception_handler(Exception)
+async def unhandled_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: Exception):
+    request_id = getattr(request.state, "request_id", str(uuid4()))
+    logger.exception("unhandled_exception request_id=%s", request_id, exc_info=exc)
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=500,
+        content=error_payload(
+            code="internal_error",
+            message="Internal server error",
+            details=None,
+            request_id=request_id,
+        ),
+    )
+
 app.include_router(api_router, prefix=settings.api_v1_prefix)