[NX-101 Issue] Refactor error handling to use consistent API error format

Replaced all inline error messages with the standardized `api_error` helper for consistent error response formatting. This improves clarity, maintainability, and ensures uniform error structures across the application. Updated logging for collector failures to include error class and switched to warning level for target unreachable scenarios.

backend/app/api/routes/alerts.py

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from app.core.db import get_db
 from app.core.deps import get_current_user, require_roles
+from app.core.errors import api_error
 from app.models.models import AlertDefinition, Target, User
 from app.schemas.alert import (
     AlertDefinitionCreate,
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ async def _validate_target_exists(db: AsyncSession, target_id: int | None) -> No
         return
     target_exists = await db.scalar(select(Target.id).where(Target.id == target_id))
     if target_exists is None:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Target not found")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=api_error("target_not_found", "Target not found"))
 
 
 @router.get("/status", response_model=AlertStatusResponse)
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ async def update_alert_definition(
 ) -> AlertDefinitionOut:
     definition = await db.scalar(select(AlertDefinition).where(AlertDefinition.id == definition_id))
     if definition is None:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Alert definition not found")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=api_error("alert_definition_not_found", "Alert definition not found"))
 
     updates = payload.model_dump(exclude_unset=True)
     if "target_id" in updates:
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ async def delete_alert_definition(
 ) -> dict:
     definition = await db.scalar(select(AlertDefinition).where(AlertDefinition.id == definition_id))
     if definition is None:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Alert definition not found")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=api_error("alert_definition_not_found", "Alert definition not found"))
     await db.delete(definition)
     await db.commit()
     invalidate_alert_cache()
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ async def test_alert_definition(
     _ = user
     target = await db.scalar(select(Target).where(Target.id == payload.target_id))
     if target is None:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Target not found")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=api_error("target_not_found", "Target not found"))
     try:
         value = await run_scalar_sql_for_target(target, payload.sql_text)
         return AlertDefinitionTestResponse(ok=True, value=value)